Human rights and children’s rights in worldview education in Finland

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.4456

Abstract

In this article we examine the profiling of human rights and children’s rights in religious education (RE) and its secular alternative in Finland. We use the term ‘worldview education’ to describe the combination of these subjects. We analyse what kinds of human rights and ethical issues are raised in Finnish worldview education. One specific focus is the explicit mention of human rights and children’s rights in the worldview education section of the Finnish national core curriculum (2014). We conclude that the curriculum gives plenty of space to human rights and children’s rights, and that this enables one to conceive of human rights as being an overarching ethical perspective in worldview education. Nevertheless, we indicate that the organisation of worldview education in Finland has some problems when it comes to the realisation of children’s freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Act on the Freedom of Religion. (453/2003 English). Retrieved from https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2003/en20030453

Åhs, V. (2020). Worldviews and integrative education: A Case study of partially integrative religious education and secular ethics education in a Finnish lower secondary school context (Doctoral dissertation). Helsinki Studies in Education, number 89. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/318126

Amnesty International. (1998). Muddying the waters. The draft ‘Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities’: No complement to human rights. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior40/002/1998/en/

Bahmanpour, M. S. (2004). Onko ihmisoikeuksien uskonto ristiriidassa muiden uskontojen kanssa? [Is human rights religion in contradiction with other religions?]. In K. Kouros & S. Villa (Eds.), Ihmisoikeudet ja islam (pp. 109–113). Helsinki: Like.

Basic Education Act. (628/1998). Article 13 about RE (454/2003). Retrieved from https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1998/en19980628.pdf

Berglund, J., & Gent, B. (2019). Qur’anic education and non-confessional RE: An intercultural perspective. Intercultural Education, 30(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2018.1539305 https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2018.1539305

Bråten, O. M. H. & Everington, J. (2019). Issues in the integration of religious education and worldviews education in an intercultural context. Intercultural Education, 30(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2018.1539307 https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2018.1539307

Casanova, J. (2013). The two dimensions, temporal and spatial, of the secular: Comparative reflections on the Nordic Protestant and Southern Catholic patterns from a global perspective. In T. Wyller., R. Breemer, & J. Casanova, J (Eds.), Secular and sacred?: The Scandinavian case of religion in human rights, law and public space (pp. 21–34). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666604492 https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666604492

Cassidy, C., Brunner, R. & Webster, E. (2013). Teaching human rights? ‘All hell will break loose!’. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 9(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197913475768 https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197913475768

Constitution of Finland. (731/1999 English). Retrieved from https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731

Council of Europe. (1950). Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Council of Europe Treaty Series 005. Retrieved from https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf

Davie, G. (2000). Religion in modern Europe: A memory mutates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eide, A. (1998). Article 28. In G. Alfredsson & A. Eide (Eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A common standard of achievement (pp. 597–632). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Finnish National Agency of Education. (2014). National core curriculum for basic education. (2014). Publications 2016:5. Helsinki: Finnish National Board of Education. Retrieved from https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/perusopetuksen_opetussuunnitelman_perusteet_2014.pdf

Finnish National Agency of Education. (2018). Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet. [The core curricula for early childhood education and care; in Finnish]. Retrieved from https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman_perusteet.pdf

Finnish National Agency of Education. (2019). Lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteet. [The core curricula for general upper secondary education; in Finnish]. Retrieved from https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/lukion_opetussuunnitelman_perusteet_2019.pdf

Finnish National Agency of Education. (2020, December 14). Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteiden 2014 muuttaminen eräiden uskonnon oppimäärien osalta. [Changes to national core curriculum for basic education concerning some religious education syllabi]. Retrieved from https://www.oph.fi/sites/default/files/documents/LIITE_Perusopetuksen_opetussuunnitelman_perusteiden_2014_muuttaminen_er%C3%A4iden_uskonnon_oppim%C3%A4%C3%A4rien_osalta.pdf

Freathy, R. & John, H. C. (2019). Worldviews and big ideas: A way forward for religious education? Nordidactica 2019 (4), 1–27. Retrieved from https://journals.lub.lu.se/nordidactica/article/view/21891

Gericke, N., Hudson, B., Olin-Scheller, C. & Stolare, M. (2018). Powerful knowledge, transformations and the need for empirical studies across school subjects. London Review of Education, 16(3), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.16.3.06 https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.16.3.06

Giacomazzi, M. (2005). Human rights and human responsibilities: A necessary balance. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 3(2), 164–176. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol3/iss2/1/

Grimmitt, M. (Ed.) (2000). Pedagogies of religious education. Great Wakering: McCrimmons.

Hakalehto, S. (2018). Lapsioikeuden perusteet [Basics of child law]. Helsinki: Alma Talent.

Hakalehto, S., & Toivonen, V. (Eds.) (2021). Lapsen oikeudet perheessä [Children’s rights in the family]. Helsinki: Kauppakamari.

Howe, B. R., & Cowell, K. (2010). Miseducating children about their rights. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 5(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197910370724 https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197910370724

Human Rights Centre. (2014). Human rights education in Finland. Helsinki: Human Rights Centre. Retrieved from https://bin.yhdistysavain.fi/1586428/cD1lXdacYQzZgPy475fT0V5wW-/HR%20education%20in%20FIN_en.pdf

InterAction Council. (1997). Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities. Retrieved from https://www.interactioncouncil.org/publications/universal-declaration-human-responsibilities

Jackson, R. (2014). Signposts — Policy and practice for teaching about religions and non-religious world views in intercultural education. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Jackson, R. (2019). Human rights: A core element or big idea for RE? Nordidactica - Journal of Humanities and Social Science Education. 2019(4), 109–132. Retrieved from https://journals.lub.lu.se/nordidactica/article/view/21896

Jerome, L., Liddle, A., & Young, H. (2021). Talking about rights without talking about rights: on the absence of knowledge in classroom discussions. Human Rights Education Review, 4(1), 8–26. http://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3979 https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3979

Kallioniemi A., 2007. Näkökulmia eurooppalaiseen uskonnon opetukseen – oppiaineen kehittämisen haasteita Norjassa ja Suomessa [Perspectives on European religious education –challenges of subject development in Norway and in Finland]. In A. Kallioniemi and E. Salmenkivi (Eds.), Katsomusaineiden kehittämishaasteita (pp. 55–76). Tutkimuksia 279. Helsinki: Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/238991

Kasa, T., Rautiainen, M., Malama, M., & Kallioniemi, A. (2021). ‘Human rights and democracy are not self-evident’: Finnish student teachers’ perceptions on democracy and human rights education. Human Rights Education Review, 4(2), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3937 https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.3937

Keet, A. (2012). Discourse, betrayal, critique: The renewal of human rights education. In C. Roux (Ed.), Safe spaces: Human rights education in diverse contexts (pp. 7–28). Rotterdam: Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-936-7_2 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-936-7_2

Klasson Sundin, M. (2016). Barnets religionsfrihet – en villkorad rättighet?: En filosofisk undersökning utifrån FN:s barnkonvention [Child’s freedom of religion – a conditioned right?: A Philosophical investigation within the context of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child] (Doctoral dissertation). Uppsala University, Uppsala Studies in Philosophy of Religion. Retrieved from https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:897348/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Konttori, J., & Pauha, T. (2021). Finland. In E. Račius, S. Müssig, S. Akgönül, A. Alibašić, J.S Nielsen & O. Scharbrodt (Eds.), Yearbook of Muslims in Europe (pp. 229–246). Volume 12. Leiden: Brill.

Lemettinen, J., Hirvonen, E., & Ubani, M. (2021). Is worldview education achieved in schools? A study of Finnish teachers’ perceptions of worldview education as a component of basic education. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 42(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1889218 https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2021.1889218

Lewin, D. (2017). Who’s afraid of secularisation? Reframing the debate between Gearon and Jackson. British Journal of Educational Studies, 65(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1305182 https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1305182

Lundy, L. (2013). ‘Voice’ is not enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, 33(6), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657033 https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701657033

Lundy, L., & Martínez Sainz, G. (2018). The role of law and legal knowledge for a transformative human rights education: Addressing violations of children’s rights in formal education. Human Rights Education Review, 1(2), 5–24. http://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2560 https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2560

Matilainen, M. (2011). Ihmisoikeuskasvatus lukiossa: outoa ja itsestään selvää [Human rights education in a Finnish upper secondary school: Alien yet obvious] (Doctoral dissertation). Research Report 326. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/25934

Moore, R., & Muller, J. (1999). The discourse of ‘voice’ and the problem of knowledge and identity in the sociology of education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 20:2, 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425699995407 https://doi.org/10.1080/01425699995407

Müller, L. (2009). Human rights education in German schools and post-secondary institutions: Results of a study. Research in Human Rights Education Papers. HREA, Series, No 2.

National Board of Education. (1985). Peruskoulun opetussuunnitelman perusteet 1985 [National core curriculum for comprehensive school 1985]. Helsinki: National Board of Education.

Niemelä, M. A. (2020). Crossing curricular boundaries for powerful knowledge. The Curriculum Journal, 32 (2), 359-375. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.77 https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.77

Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. (2021, March 3). Status of ratification. Retrieved from https://indicators.ohchr.org

Opsahl, T., & Dimitrijevic, V. (1998). Articles 29 and 30. In G. Alfredsson & A. Eide (Eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A common standard of achievement (pp. 633–652). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Osler, A., & Starkey, H. (1998). Children’s rights and citizenship: Some implications for the management of schools. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 6, 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718189820494085 https://doi.org/10.1163/15718189820494085

Palva, H. (2004). Islamilaiset ihmisoikeusjulistukset [Islamic human rights declarations]. In K. Kouros & S. Villa (Eds.), Ihmisoikeudet ja islam (pp. 114–128. Helsinki: Like.

Parker, W. C. (2018). Human rights education’s curriculum problem. Human Rights Education Review, 1(1), 5–24. http://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2450 https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2450

Parliamentary ombudsman of Finland. (2019). Uskonnollinen musiikki musiikkiluokan opetuksessa ja rippukouluinfo koulussa [Religious music in music class and confirmation school information session]. EOAK/1417/2019, 24.8.2020. Retrieved from https://www.oikeusasiamies.fi/r/fi/ratkaisut/-/eoar/1417/2019

Perustuslakivaliokunta [Constitutional Committee of the Parliament]. (1982). PeVL 12/1982 vp. Retrieved from https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/vaski/Lausunto/Documents/pevl_12+1982.pdf

Pikkusaari, J. (1998). Vaikea vapaus. Sosialidemokratian häviö kirkolle 1850-luvulta 1920-luvulle käydyssä Suomen kulttuuritaistelussa [A difficult freedom: Social democracy’s defeat to the Church in the Finnish cultural strategy, English Summary 421–433]. Bibliotheca Historica 32. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura.

Pirjola, J. (2011). Freedom of religion in multi-faith Europe: Protecting universal or Western sensibilities? Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 29(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-814X-2011-01-03 https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-814X-2011-01-03

Poulter, S. (2013). Kansalaisena maallistuneessa maailmassa. Koulun uskonnonopetuksen yhteiskunnallisen tehtävän tarkastelua. [A citizen in a secularized world. A review of the social function of school religious education]. Suomen ainedidaktisen tutkimusseuran julkaisuja. Ainedidaktisia tutkimuksia 5. Retrieved from https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/68127/AD5_Poulter.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Poulter, S. (2019). Katsomuskasvatuksen yhteiskunnallinen tehtävä. Välineitä vai toisin ajattelua? [The social function of worldview education. Tools or thinking differently?]. In T. Autio, L. Hakala and T. Kujala (Eds.), Siirtymiä ja ajan merkkejä koulutuksessa. Opetussuunnitelmatutkimuksen näkökulmia (pp. 319–345). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

Poulter, S., Kuusisto, A., Malama, M. & Kallioniemi, A. (2017). Examining religious education in Finland from a human rights perspective. Religion, education and human rights: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. In A. Sjöborg. & H.G. Ziebertz (Eds.), Religion and human rights. Volume 1 (pp. 49–61). Cham: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54069-6_4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54069-6_4

Riitaoja, A-L., Poulter, S., & Kuusisto. A. (2010). Worldviews and multicultural education in the Finnish context – A critical philosophical approach to theory and practices. Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration 5(3), 87–95.

Salmenkivi, E., Elo, P., Tomperi, T. & Ahola-Luttila, T. (2007). Elämänkatsomustiedon kehkeytyminen [Brewing up of secular ethics]. In A. Kallioniemi and E. Salmenkivi (Eds.), Katsomusaineiden kehittämishaasteita (pp. 125–162). Tutkimuksia 279. Helsinki: Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/238991

Scheinin, M. (1998). Article 18. In G. Alfredsson & A. Eide (Eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A common standard of achievement (pp. 379–392). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Scheinin, M. (2013). Core rights and responsibilities. In D. Shelton (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press USA – OSO. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199640133.003.0023 https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199640133.003.0023

Scheinin, M. (2014). European human rights as universal rights. In defence of a holistic understanding of human rights. In E. Brems & J. Gerards (Eds.), Shaping rights in the ECHR: The role of the European Court of Human Rights in determining the scope of human rights (pp. 259–270). eBook Academic Collection: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337923.015 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337923.015

Seppo, J. (2003). Uskonnonvapaus 2000-luvun Suomessa. [Freedom of religion in 21st century Finland.] Helsinki: Edita.

Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M., Much, N., C., & Park, L. (2003). The “Big three” of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “Big three” of explanations of suffering. In R. A. Shweder (Ed.), Why do men barbecue? (pp. 74–133). Cambridge MA.: Harvard University Press.

Shweder, R.A., & Menon, U. (2014). Old questions for the new anthropology of morality: A commentary. Anthropological Theory, Vol. 14(3), 356–370. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1463499614534555 https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499614534555

Slotte, P. (2010). A little church, a little state, and a little commonwealth at once. Towards a Nordic model of religious instruction in public schools? In L. Christoffersen, K.Å. Modéer & S. Andersen (Eds.), Law and religion in the 21st century: Nordic perspectives (pp. 239–273). Copenhagen: Djoef

Slotte, P. (2013). Freedom of religion, freedom of conscience and education: A Nordic example? In W. Cole Durham, S. Ferrari, C. Cianitto & D. Thayer. Law, religion, constitution: Freedom of religion, equal treatment, and the law (pp. 331–368). eBook Academic Collection: Routledge.

Sormunen, M. (2021). The best interests of the child in human rights practice: An analysis of domestic, European and international jurisprudence (Doctoral dissertation). University of Helsinki, Faculty of Law. Helsinki: Unigrafia. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/325611

Stoeckl, K. (Ed.) (2015). The future of religious education in Europe. Fiesole: European University Institute.

Toivanen, R. (2007). Education on human rights – a method for inducing global critical thinking. In T. Kaivola & M. Melén-Paaso (Eds.), Education for global responsibility—Finnish perspectives (pp. 33–44). Helsinki: Ministry of Education.

United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. RES/217A (III). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng

United Nations. (1966a). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, Treaty series, vol. 999, p. 171. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-english.pdf

United Nations. (1966b). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, Treaty series, vol. 993, p.3. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/treaties/1976/01/19760103%2009-57%20pm/ch_iv_03.pdf

United Nations. (1989). United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx

United Nations Human Rights Committee. (1981). Erkki Hartikainen v. Finland, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/12/D/40/1978. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2fC%2f12%2fD%2f40%2f1978&Lang=en

United Nations. (2011).United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. RES/66/137. Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/467/04/PDF/N1146704.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2003). General comment no. 5 on the general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para 6). CRC/GC/2003/5. Retrieved from https://undocs.org/CRC/GC/2003/5

van der Kooij J. C., Doret J., de Ruyter D. J. & Miedema S. (2013). “Worldview”: The meaning of the concept and the impact on religious education. Religious Education, 108(2), pp. 210–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2013.767685 https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2013.767685

Vipunen. (2019). Education statistics Finland. Retrieved from https://vipunen.fi/en-gb/pre-primary-and-basic-education

Wenar, L. (2021). Rights. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/rights/

Witte, J. Jr. (2013). “God is hidden in the earthly kingdom:” The Lutheran two-kingdoms theory as foundation of Scandinavian secularity. In T. Wyller, R.V.D Breemer, & J. Casanova (Eds.),Secular and sacred? : The Scandinavian case of religion in human rights, law and public space (pp. 56–84). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666604492.56 https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666604492.56

Young, M.F.D. (Ed.) (1971). Knowledge and control: New directions for the sociology of education. London: Collier-MacMillan.

Young, M.F.D. (2008). Bringing knowledge back in: From social constructivism to social realism in the sociology of education. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073667 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073667

Young, M.F.D. (2013). Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: A knowledge-based approach. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 45(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2013.764505 https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2013.764505

Young, M., & Lambert, D. (2014). Knowledge and the future school: Curriculum and social justice. London: Bloomsbury.

Zembylas, M., & Keet, A. (2019). Critical human rights education: Advancing social-justice-oriented educational praxes. Cham: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27198-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27198-5

Downloads

Published

03-01-2022

How to Cite

Salmenkivi, E., Kasa, T., Putkonen, N., & Kallioniemi, A. (2022). Human rights and children’s rights in worldview education in Finland. Human Rights Education Review, 5(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.4456

Cited by