‘We can do much more and better’: understanding gatekeepers’ perspectives on students’ linguistic human rights
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.5306Abstract
As a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been incorporated into domestic policy, Iceland has a legal obligation to respond to children’s linguistic human rights in schools. Increasing language diversity is addressed in both policy and practice, informed by the inclusive education principles that underpin the ideology of the Icelandic school system. A thematic analysis of the perspectives of four school principals and four directors of school support services, working in four different municipalities, reveals tensions between stakeholders’ understandings of children’s rights, school responses to diverse languages, and state accountability towards children’s linguistic human rights. Application of Tomaševski’s 4As framework (availability, accessibility, acceptability, adaptability) suggests the need for increased human rights education and funding for local rights-based initiatives and monitoring. The study contributes to policy and practice aimed at addressing language diversity as a human rights concern.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Barnvæn sveitarfélög [Child friendly city] (www.barnvaensveitarfelog.is).
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2022). Pedagogical Translanguaging. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009029384
Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Left Coast Press.
Corra, M., & Willer, D. (2002). The gatekeeper. Sociological Theory, 20(2), 180-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9558.00158
Council of Europe (1992). European charter for regional or minority languages. Retrieved from https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016808f2232
The Data Protection Authority. (2018). Act on Personal Data Protection and Processing of Personal Data (No. 90/2018). Retrieved from https://island.is/en/o/landskjorstjorn/the-data-protection-authority#
Einarsdóttir, S. B., & Emilsson Peskova, R. (2019, 18 October). Allir með – tölum saman um skólamenningu á Íslandi [Everyone, let's talk about school culture in Iceland]. Skólavarðan. Retrieved from http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20191018234608/http://skolavardan.is/raddir/%E2%80%8BAllir-med-%E2%80%93-tolum-saman-um-skolamenningu-a-Islandi/
Emilsson Peskova, R., Lindholm, A., Ahlholm, M., Thue Vold, E., Gunnþórsdóttir, H., Slotte, A., & Esmann Busch, S. (2023). Second Language and Mother Tongue Education for Immigrant Children in Nordic Educational Policies: Search for a Common Nordic Dimension. Nordic Studies in Education, 43(2), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.23865/nse.v43.3982
Gollifer, S. E. (2022a). Challenges and possibilities for transformative human rights education in Icelandic upper secondary schools. Human Rights Education Review, 5(3), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.4981
Gollifer, S. E. (2022b). Inertial constraints to educational change: The case of human rights education in Iceland. Netla. https://doi.org/10.24270/netla.2022.18
Goodson, I. & S. Gill (2014). Critical Narrative as Pedagogy. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Government of Iceland. (2008). Act on Compulsory Schools (No. 91/2008). Retrieved from https://www.government.is/media/menntamalaraduneyti-media/media/frettatengt2016/91_2008-Compulsory-School-Act-ENGLISH-Uppfaert-Jan-2017.pdf
Government of Iceland. (2011). Act on the Status of Icelandic Language and Icelandic Sign Language (No. 61/2011). Retrieved from https://www.government.is/media/menntamalaraduneyti-media/media/frettir2015/Thyding-log-um-stodu-islenskrar-tungu-og-islensks-taknmals-desember-2015.pdf
Government of Iceland. (2013). Act on the Convention of the Rights of the Child (No. 19/2013). Retrieved from https://www.government.is/media/velferdarraduneyti-media/media/acrobat-enskar_sidur/Child-Protection-Act-as-amended-2016.pdf
Government of Iceland. (2018). Act on Equal Treatment Irrespective of Race or Ethnic Origin (No. 85/2018). Retrieved from https://www.government.is/library/04-Legislation/nr-85%202018-english.pdf
Gunnþórsdóttir, H., & Óskarsdóttir, E. (forthcoming). Working with multilingual students in Iceland: Exploring educational experiences of newly graduated teachers. In B. Strazer, A. R. Warren & J. Iversen (Eds.), Current issues in bilingualism: Educating teachers for working with multilingual children and students. Language Science Press
Gunnþórsdóttir, H., & Ragnarsdóttir, H. (2020). Challenges and opportunities in the education of students with immigrant background in Iceland. Education in the North, 27(2), 106-117. https://doi.org/10.26203/hc32-ab90
Hughes, V. (2021). Child migrants’ right to education in a London academy: tensions between policy, language provision, and international standards. Human Rights Education Review, 4(1), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.4010
Loftsdóttir, K. (2019). Crisis and coloniality at Europe’s margins: Creating exotic Iceland. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351018265
Lundy, L. (2012). Children’s rights and educational policy in Europe: the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Oxford Review of Education, 38(4), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2012.704874
Lundy, L., Orr, K., & Shier, H. (2017) Children’s Education Rights: Global perspectives. In M. D. Ruck, M Peterson-Badali & M., Freeman (Eds.), Handbook of Children’s Rights: Global and Multidisciplinary Perspective (pp. 364-380). Abingdon: Routledge.
Lundy, L., & Martínez Sainz, G. (2018). The role of law and legal knowledge for a transformative human rights education: addressing violations of children’s rights in formal education. Human Rights Education Review, 1(2), 04–24. https://doi.org/10.7577/hrer.2560
Mendelowitz, B., Ferreira, A. & Dixon, K. (2023). Language Narratives & Shifting Multilingual Pedagogies: English Teaching from the South. London/ New York: Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350165946
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2014). The Icelandic national curriculum guide for compulsory schools - with subject areas. Retrieved from https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Ministry-of-Education/Curriculum/adalnrsk_greinask_ens_2014.pdf
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2020a). Draft policy. Education of children and youth with diverse language and cultural background. Retrieved from https://www.ki.is/media/hmckd4ba/dr%C3%B6g-a%C3%B0-stefnu_menntun-barna-og-ungmenna-me%C3%B0-fj%C3%B6lbreyttan-tungum%C3%A1la-og-menningarbakgrunn_260520.pdf
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (2020b). Guidelines for the support of mother tongues and plurilingualism in schools and afterschool programs. Retrieved from http://www.modurmal.com/leidarvisir/
Ministry of Education and Children (2022). Parliamentary resolution Child-friendly Iceland – the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from https://www.althingi.is/altext/151/s/1702.html
Móðurmál (2023). www.modurmal.com
Nguyen, T.T.T. (2022). Educational linguicism: linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese mainstream schools. Language Policy, 21, 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4
OECD (2019). OECD economic surveys: Iceland 2019. Paris. Retrieved from https://www.stjornarradid.is/lisalib/getfile.aspx?itemid=2596438b-d87b-11e9-944a-005056bc4d74
Osler, A. (2016). Human Rights and Schooling: An Ethical Framework for Teaching for Social Justice. New York and London: Teachers College Press.
Osler, A., & Starkey, H. (2010). Teachers and human rights education. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham.
Ólafsson, R. F. (2019). TALIS 2018: Starfshættir og viðhorf kennara og skólastjóra á unglingastigi grunnskóla [TALIS 2018: Practices and attitudes of teachers and principals at the youth level of primary schools]. OECD. Retrieved from https://mms.is/sites/mms.is/files/vefutgafa_-_talis_2019.pdf
Óskarsdóttir, E. (2017). Constructing support as inclusive practice: A self-study (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Iceland.
Ragnarsdóttir, H., & Rafik Hama, S. (2018). Refugee children in Icelandic schools: Experiences of families and schools. In H. Ragnarsdóttir & S. Lefever (Eds.), Icelandic studies on diversity and social justice in education (pp. 82-104). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Ragnarsdóttir, H., & Lefever, S. (2018). Introduction. In H. Ragnarsdóttir & L. A. Kulbrandstad (Eds.), Learning spaces for inclusion and social justice: Success stories from four Nordic countries (pp. 1–6). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Rúnarsdóttir, E. M. & Vilhjálmsson, R. (2015). Ethnic differences in youth well-being: The role of sociodemographic background and social support. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494815588644
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (1998). Human rights and language wrongs - a future for diversity. Language Sciences, 20(1), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(97)00008-9
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2012). Linguistic Human Rights. In L. Solan, & P. Tiersma (Eds.), Oxford Handbook on Language and Law (pp. 235-47). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572120.013.0017
Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & May, S. (2017). Linguistic Human Rights in Education. In T. McCarty & S. May (Eds.), Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Encyclopaedia of Language and Education. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02344-1_10
Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Phillipson, R. (Eds.). (2022). The handbook of linguistic human rights. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119753926
Starkey, H. (2002). Democratic citizenship, languages, diversity and human rights. Guide for the development of language education policies in Europe: From Linguistic Diversity to Plurilingual Education. Reference study. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Statistics Iceland. (2023). Population. Inhabitants. Retrieved from https://www.statice.is/statistics/population/inhabitants/
Szoszkiewicz, L. (2017). Linguistic Human Rights in Education. Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu Im. Adam Mickiewicza, 7, 105–118. https://doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2017.7.07
Tomaševski, K. (2001). Human rights obligations: making education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. Gothenburg: Novum Grafiska AB.
Tomaševski, K. (2003). Education denied: Costs and remedies. London: Zed Books.
Tomaševski, K. (2006). The state of the right to education worldwide: Free or fee? 2006 Global Report. Right to Education. Retrieved from https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Tomasevski_Free_or_fee_Global_Report_2006.pdf
Tran, A. D. K., & Lefever, S. C. (2018). Icelandic-Born Students of Immigrant Background: How Are They Faring in Compulsory School? In H. Ragnarsdóttir, & S. Lefever (Eds.), Icelandic Studies on Diversity and Social Justice in Education (pp. 39-59). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
UNESCO (1996). World Conference on Linguistics Rights: Barcelona Declaration. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104267
UNICEF (2023). Guiding Principles. Retrieved from https://childfriendlycities.org/guiding-principles/
UN General Assembly (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html
Vijayavarathan-R, K., & Óskarsdóttir, E. (2023). Analysis of Policies Supporting Teachers to Tackle Linguistic and Cultural Diversity and Facilitate Inclusion from the Perspectives of Iceland and the Faroe Islands. In D. B. Hirshberg, M. C. Beaton Gregor Maxwell, T. Turunen and J. Peltokorpi (Eds.), Education, Equity and Inclusion Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable North (pp. 179-196). Springer Polar Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97460-2_12
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sue Gollifer, Hermína Gunnþórsdóttir, Renata Emilsson Pesková
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Human Rights Education Review agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).